福寿螺休眠期体内广州管圆线虫生长发育及其感染性的观察研究

目的 了解福寿螺处于休眠期对其体内感染的广州管圆线虫幼虫生长发育及其感染性的影响。 方法 来自实验室的广州管圆线虫L1幼虫感染福寿螺，感染后第1 天螺置于25.0～25.5 ℃ 恒温室中休眠，观察体内幼虫生长发育情况，第13天起解剖观察幼虫生长发育情况。感染后第20 天福寿螺置冬季室内自然变温条件下休眠2个月，每隔10 d观察螺体内幼虫活力。检获的L3幼虫经口或腹腔注射感染SD大鼠，观察其感染性。同时观察螺的生存与体重变化情况，并以水族缸饲养螺作平行对照。 结果 25.0～25.5 ℃ 恒温条件下螺休眠不影响体内幼虫发育，且其幼虫发育历期为（16.3±0.6） d，显著快于水族缸饲养螺（17.6±0.96）d（t=5.72，P<0.01）。冬季室内自然变温条件下的休眠螺，生存率高于水族缸饲养螺（P<0.05),体重下降率为（33.5±4.3）%, 也高于水族缸饲养螺[（9.0±2.3）%, t=10.68， P<0.01]。但随着休眠期的延长其死亡率增高（x²=18.31，P<0.01）。从存活螺体内检获的不同活力的L3幼虫均可感染SD大鼠。 结论 25.0～25.5 ℃ 恒温条件下螺休眠不影响体内幼虫发育，冬季室内自然变温条件下螺休眠或水族缸饲养，其体内幼虫均具有感染性。 感染的福寿螺越冬方式，休眠明显优于水族缸饲养。     

Molecular genetic analysis of Plasmodium vivax isolates from Eastern and Central Sudan using pvcsp and pvmsp-3α genes as molecular markers

In Sudan, Plasmodium vivax accounts for approximately 5–10% of malaria cases. This study was carried out to determine the genetic diversity of P. vivax population from Sudan by analyzing the polymorphism of P. vivax csp (pvcsp) and pvmsp-3α genes. Blood samples (n = 76) were taken from suspected malaria cases from 2012–2013 in three health centers of Eastern and Central Sudan. Parasite detection was performed by microscopy and molecular techniques, and genotyping of both genes was performed by PCR-RFLP followed by DNA sequence for only pvcsp gene (n = 30). Based on microscopy analysis, 76 (%100) patients were infected with P. vivax, whereas nested-PCR results showed that 86.8% (n = 66), 3.9% (n = 3), and 3.9% (n = 3) of tested samples had P. vivax as well as Plasmodium falciparum mono- and mixed infections, respectively. Four out of 76 samples had no results in molecular diagnosis. All sequenced samples were found to be of VK210 (100%) genotype with six distinct amino acid haplotypes, and 210A (66.7%) was the most prevalent haplotype. The Sudanese isolates displayed variations in the peptide repeat motifs (PRMs) ranging from 17 to 19 with GDRADGQPA (PRM1), GDRAAGQPA (PRM2) and DDRAAGQPA (PRM3). Also, 54 polymorphic sites with 56 mutations were found in repeat and post-repeat regions of the pvcsp and the overall nucleotide diversity (π) was 0.02149 ± 0.00539. A negative value of dN − dS (−0.0344) was found that suggested a significant purifying selection of Sudanese pvcsp, (Z test, P < 0.05). Regarding pvmsp-3α, three types were detected: types A (94.6%, 52/55), type C (3.6%, 2/55), and type B (1.8%, 1/55). No multiclonal infections were detected, and RFLP analysis identified 13 (Hha I, A1-A11, B1, and C1) and 16 (Alu I, A1-A14, B1, and C1) distinct allelic forms. In conclusion, genetic investigation among Sudanese P. vivax isolates indicated that this antigen showed limited antigenic diversity.     

2003年全国疟疾形势

2003年全国疟疾疫情连续第3年出现较大幅度的回升，21个省（市、区）910个县有疟疾病例报告，发病数较2002年上升15.3%。安徽、浙江、云南、福建、海南、湖北等6省疟疾发病有不同程度的上升。中部3省（安徽、湖北、江苏）和云南、贵州等5省14县39个乡镇约48万人口范围内出现疟疾局部爆发，爆发病例（5 697例）占发病总数的14%。     

运用Kriging 法对我国黄淮流域疟疾空间分布特征的研究

目的研究我国黄淮流域疟疾空间分布特征。方法收集安徽、河南及湖北省沿黄淮流域地区2005年有疟疾报告的156个市、县的当年发病率资料，利用Arcgis 9.0软件建立疟疾发病的地理信息系统，并在该软件的统计学扩展模块支持下，利用Kriging法对已建立的疟疾地理信息系统数据库进行空间插值分析，根据无偏最优的原则绘制疟疾发病概率的空间分布图，建立半变异函数，并对预测值的标准误差的分布制图。结果2005年黄淮地区疟疾发病分布呈空间自相关，自相关阈值98 928 m，其变异函数为球形模型，显示疟疾发病分布呈空间聚集性。交叉检验显示Krig-ing法生成的疟疾概率分布图是对黄淮地区疟疾空间分布的最优无偏估计，标准化均值为0.008 621。结论Kriging法能较好估计黄淮地区疟疾的空间分布特征，该地区的疟疾在空间分布上与距离有关，并呈现以安徽省中北部与河南交界及河南省与湖北省交界的两个明显的聚集中心，而且其空间分布并非与行政区划分类完全一致。     

2004年全国疟疾形势

本文根据2004年全国有疟疾发病的23省（区、市）专业单位上报的年度疟疾防治工作总结和有关疫情报表（年报系统）汇总整理。除注明“网络直报”外，所有疫情数据均来自年报系统。     

Differential diagnosis of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis using an immunochromatographic test based on the detection of specific antibodies

Human cystic and alveolar echinococcoses are zoonotic diseases caused by the larval stages of Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis, respectively. As the diseases are co-endemic in many areas of the world, a simple and rapid test for the differential diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinocoocosis (AE) is needed. Here, we describe the development of an immunochromatographic test (ICT) using crude hydatid cyst fluid and a recombinant 18-kDa protein (rEm18) as antigens for the detection of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis antibodies in serum samples. The ICT was evaluated with serum samples from 195 echinococcosis patients from different endemic areas in northwestern China. These included 144 from CE patients, 51 from AE patients, 67 from patients with other parasitic diseases, 13 from patients with serous hepatic cysts, and 60 from healthy individuals. The sensitivity and specificity of the ICT for CE were 91.0 and 96.9 % and for AE were 98.0 and 99.3 % with diagnostic efficiencies of 94.1 and 99.1 %, respectively. No significant differences and high degrees of agreement were found between the ICT and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for both CE and AE. Five serum samples from cysticercosis patients and one serum sample from a healthy control were found positive for CE with the ICT. These findings indicate that this test allows for discrimination between both forms of human echinococcosis. In conclusion, the ICT developed in this study is a promising tool for the simultaneous detection and discrimination of CE and AE. This test will be useful for serodiagnosis of CE and AE in clinical settings and screening programs.     

贵州省从江县疟疾局部暴发的影响因素分析

目的 为确定2006年7月贵州省从江县局部疟疾暴发的影响因素。 方法 在疟疾暴发点进行流行病学调查，对495名常住居民采集滤纸干血滴，用间接荧光抗体试验（IFAT）检测人群抗体水平。对其中423人进行问卷调查，内容包括两年内疟史、疟防知识知晓情况、蚊帐使用情况、露宿习惯等。收集乡卫生院门诊发热病人登记资料，分析发热病人就医行为。复查上报的42例疟疾病例阳性血片和同期普查的部分阴性血片。按蚊调查仅做半通宵人饵诱捕和人、牛房密度调查，分析该地传播媒介组成和叮人率等。 结果 42张阳性血片经复查确定12张阳性均为间日疟原虫，18 d的疟疾罹患率为2.1%(16/753，包括4例临床诊断病例）。居民平均荧光抗体阳性率为8.7%（43/495），阳性几何平均滴度倒数（GMRT）为20.6，总的GMRT为10.6，其中5岁以下组抗体阳性率为7.5%（3/40），阳性GMRT为25.1。发热病人就诊率为81.3%（118/145），平均发热后3.9 d就诊。疟防知识知晓率平均为25.5%（108/423），文盲组、小学组和中学组分别为17.1%、29.2%和40.0%，组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。蚊帐使用率平均为31.0%（131/423），露宿率平均为40.7%（172/423）。2004和2005年休根治疗率分别为68.2%（15/22）和48.3%（14/29）。当地传疟媒介除中华按蚊外还存在嗜人按蚊和微小按蚊，人房帐内捕获嗜人按蚊和微小按蚊，叮人率分别为0.0566和0.0755。 结论 当地存在我国重要传疟媒介，因灾后居民居住条件简陋，自我保护意识薄弱，且有露宿习惯，疟疾病例的发现和治疗均不及时等，是促成了该起疟疾暴发的主要原因。     

2011年全国寄生虫病防治技术竞赛成绩分析报告:蠕虫检测能力分析

目的通过竞赛了解当前我国各级疾控机构寄生虫病防治专业人员的蠕虫检测能力,从而推动各级疾控机构的能力建设。方法2011年9月以省(区、市)为单位,每省选送各级疾控机构的在职专业技术人员4名(年龄<45周岁,县级不少于2名)。竞赛内容包括粪便标本改良加藤厚涂片制作(每参赛选手30 min内制作完成5张涂片;计满分为15分,9分为及格)和11种常见蠕虫卵镜检鉴别(每张标本片含1种或1种以上蠕虫卵;镜检10张,每张5 min;计满分为60分,36分为及格)。结果来自30个省(市、区)的119名参赛选手中,改良加藤厚涂片制片成绩,平均为11.4分,及格者111人,占93.3%;11种常见蠕虫卵镜检读片成绩,平均为22.0分,及格者20人,占16.8%。不同性别、年龄(≤30岁、31~40岁和>40岁)、专业技术职称(初级、中级和高级)、来源单位的级别(省级、市级和县级)的参赛人员制片和镜检成绩的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。来自有血吸虫病防治任务省份的参赛选手的制片(12.1±1.7)、镜检读片(32.1±11.5)成绩均好于没有血吸虫病防治任务的省份(11.1±1.8和18.1±10.5);西部地区参赛选手的镜检读片成绩(18.4±11.4)均低于东部(25.2±12.4)和中部(24.1±13.1)。结论我国寄生虫病防治机构的病原检测能力总体水平发展不均衡,仅部分地区检测能力较强,有待进一步的加强和提高。     

A 5-year surveillance of sensitivity in vivo of Plasmodium falciparum to pyronaridine/sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine in Diaoluo area, Hainan Province

The surveillance of sensitivity of P. falciparum to pyronaridine/sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine has been carried out in Diaoluo area in Hainan Province where chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria is endemic, covering an area of 406 square kilometers, with a population of 3745 in 1986. From 1986 all outpatients diagnosed as falciparum malaria were administered with PND/S/P as the only antimalarial. In vivo sensitivity of P. falciparum was measured in some patients who were treated in hospital. It was demonstrated that P. falciparum in the Diaoluo area has retained its sensitivity to a single oral dose of PND/S/P of 500/1,000/50 mg with 100% cure rate for at least 5 years.     

棘球蚴特异性抗原的蛋白质印迹分析

目的　寻找细粒棘球蚴 (Eg)和多房棘球蚴 (Em)特异性抗原组分用于免疫诊断。　方法　对Eg、Em的囊液、原头节、囊壁角质层、囊壁生发层及犬泡状带绦虫、犬豆状带绦虫、羊细颈囊尾蚴、猪囊尾蚴等 4种异源性绦虫 ,共14种粗抗原进行免疫学分析。采用蛋白质印迹试验 (Western blotting)、Genesnap和Genetool分析软件比较分析不同抗原蛋白条带分别与囊型棘球蚴病 (CE)及泡型棘球蚴病 (AE)患者血清反应的差异。　结果　 14种粗抗原中与CE、AE患者血清发生交叉反应的 11条蛋白条带相对分子质量 (Mr)为 130000、100000、94000、80000、75000、66000、62000、52000、38000、32000及 24000 ;与CE患者血清有特异性反应的 5条蛋白条带Mr为 41000、40000、22000、160 00和12000 ;与AE患者血清具有特异性反应的 8条蛋白条带Mr为 120000、109000、86000、59000、43000、28000、20000及 18000。　结论　确定了Eg和Em共有的交叉反应性抗原和具有进一步研究价值的特异性抗原组分 ,为进一步分离和鉴定具有诊断价值的特异性抗原提供了基础资料